Understanding Phacoemulsification Complications: Causes, Prevention, and Management
In this article, we shall highlight some of the surgical risks and complications inherent in surgery, corneal complications, intraocular lens (IOL) complications, and measures to minimize risks.
Introduction
Phacoemulsification is one of the primary surgeries utilized in cataract removal. Because of its high success rate, it enables patients to restore their vision within the shortest time possible.
However, it can be pointed out that even within these parameters, mishaps may ensue.
The following are some of the complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery, which may occur intraoperatively or postoperatively and may be mild or serious.
Intraoperative Complications of Phacoemulsification
Intraoperative complications are those that occur during the conduct of the operation and influence the outcome of the surgery.
- Posterior Capsular Rupture (PCR): Another intraoperative complication is the rupture of the thin membrane at the back of the lens, known as posterior capsular rupture. This can result in vitreous loss that predisposes to retinal detachment and infection. The concept of PCR is rather delicate and typically involves the placement of a posterior chamber IOL.
- Corneal Edema: Another common post-phacoemulsification complication is corneal edema, which may be due to mechanical manipulation of the corneal or utilization of ultrasonic energy during the procedure. The one that concerns vision is corneal edema, which can cause blurry vision but is usually a temporary issue, taking a few days to weeks to resolve if the appropriate postoperative care is provided.
- Iris Prolapse: Iris prolapse refers to a situation where a portion of the iris of the eye is shifted outside the eye during surgery. Although it is uncommon, the injury may lead to the displacement of the iris, for which suturing may be needed to correct. It may also raise the possibility of postoperative inflammation or infection.
- Hyphema: Refers to the extent of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. This can result from trauma that is inflicted on the eye during surgery, and though it is normal to subside, prolonged bleeding may warrant treatment.
- Zonular Dialysis: This condition results from an injury to the Continental fibers, which are responsible for holding the lens. If not addressed, it can result in lens subluxation or dislocation.
Postoperative Complications of Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery
Postoperative complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery are those that arise after the surgery and may interfere with the surgical process, recovery, or visual rehabilitation.
- Infection (Endophthalmitis): While relatively uncommon, endophthalmitis is a severe infection of the eye, which may occur within days to weeks of the surgery. If left untreated, it can cause blindness and therefore requires antibiotic treatment and, in some cases, surgery. They can be avoided by following sterile techniques during the surgery and correct postoperative management, such as the use of antibiotic eye drops.
- Inflammation: Ocular irritation usually occurs after surgery and may manifest as pain, redness, or even swelling of the affected eyes. This is normally managed through the use of topical steroids for the eyes, but in severe cases, oral steroids may be required.
- Secondary Cataract (Posterior Capsule Opacification): This condition is also referred to as a ‘secondary cataract’ and is characterized by the development of a lens capsule opacity at the back of the eye after surgery. It is a relatively frequent condition and one of its consequences is the alteration in the vision of the patient. YAG capsulotomy is a painless laser procedure that also solves the problem and helps the person see clearly in a matter of minutes.
- Retinal Detachment: Among the severe postoperative complications, retinal detachment remains comparatively rare. They tend to appear especially in pathological conditions such as pre-existing retinal diseases, high myopia, or surgery injuries. The boy needs urgent surgery to prevent severe ophthalmological complications and save his vision.
- Cystoid Macular Edema (CME): CME is a well-known cause of visual impairment following a cataract operation. It is marked by the presence of an excess amount of fluid in the macula portion of the retina, leading to blurred central vision. It is commonly managed through anti-inflammatory drugs.
Corneal Complications and Their Management
- Corneal Edema: As discussed earlier, corneal edema can be a consequence of the surgery trauma, as well as due to the usage of ultrasound energy during the phacoemulsification procedure. Some of the symptoms that patients may experience include blurred vision or the feeling that there is sand in the eyes.
- Fuchs’ Endothelial Dystrophy: A number of patients experienced corneal complications due to pre-existing conditions such as Fuchs’ dystrophy. This may further deteriorate postoperatively and come with severe corneal edema.
Management of Corneal Complications
It is important to note that most complications associated with the cornea can be well treated if appropriate care is taken and adequate follow-up is carried out.
Other intercessions, like using eye drops if the patients have to close their eyes, should be done by resting them without rubbing them.
This may help in the reduction of the severity of complications. For complicated cases, however, surgery will be necessary, and this will involve some of the following steps.
Complications Related to Intraocular Lens (IOL) Placement
- Dislocation of the IOL: Intraocular lens dislocation means that the IOL shifts out of the original position it was put in. It is reported to be more common in patients with weak zonules or after traumatic surgery in the eyes. This may require readjustment of the lens or getting an entirely new lens.
- Incorrect IOL Power: The problem seems to arise when the wrong IOL power is implanted during surgery, and this may lead to conditions such as blurring of vision or refractive errors. This can be corrected with glasses or contacts, but in certain circumstances, spectacle-independent refractive lens exchange to exchange the lens of the eye with a proper IOL is done.
- IOL Glare and Halo: It may cause glare or halos around objects at night, especially among the patient, and this may take some time to subside. This is a more common problem with multifocal or toric IOL. While some patients tolerate it, others may need more treatment or lens swap.
Risk Factors and Preventive Measures
Risk Factors
- Gender (females tend to develop complications as compared to males)
- Diabetic retinopathy risk factors also include any pre-existing eye disease such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, etc.
- Poor pupil dilation
- High myopia (nearsightedness)
Preventive Measures
- Evaluation before surgery and necessary management of conditions that may be contributing to the problem.
- Advanced technologies and methods applied during surgical operations.
- Management, treatment, and advice needed after the surgery, for example, the usage of eye drops that might have been recommended by the doctor and non engagement in any rigorous activities.
Advances in Technology to Reduce Complications
- Femtosecond Lasers: Femtosecond laser used in phacemulsification offers finer dissection and capsulectomy, minimizing complications such as posterior capsular rupture.
- Advanced Intraocular Lenses (IOLs): Features available in the newer IOLs enhance refractive ability, thus minimizing glare, halos, or incorrect focusing.
- Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): A novel feature of OCT is its ability to facilitate the planning of the surgery since it provides detailed images of the eye and allows the surgeon to identify any dangers that may be lurking before he or she can get into the operating theater.
FAQs
1. What are the most common complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery?
Posterior capsule rupture, corneal edema, iris prolapse, and hyphema are the most frequent imminent postoperative complications.
2. How can I reduce the risk of complications during cataract surgery?
To minimize this complication, one should perform a proper preoperative checkup to address any underlying issues of the eye. Moreover, selecting the right surgeon and adhering to postoperative care recommendations.
